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Definitions

A programming language is a notation for writing programs, which are specifications of a computation or algorithm.Some, but 

not all, authors restrict the term "programming language" to those languages that can express all possible 

algorithms.Traits often considered important for what constitutes a programming language include:

Function and target

A computer programming language is a language used to write computer programs, which involves a computer performing some 

kind of computation or algorithm and possibly control external devices such as printers, disk drives, robots, and so on. 

For example, PostScript programs are frequently created by another program to control a computer printer or display. More 

generally, a programming language may describe computation on some, possibly abstract, machine. It is generally accepted 

that a complete specification for a programming language includes a description, possibly idealized, of a machine or 

processor for that language. In most practical contexts, a programming language involves a computer; consequently, 

programming languages are usually defined and studied this way. Programming languages differ from natural languages in that 

natural languages are only used for interaction between people, while programming languages also allow humans to 

communicate instructions to machines.

Abstractions

Programming languages usually contain abstractions for defining and manipulating data structures or controlling the flow of 

execution. The practical necessity that a programming language support adequate abstractions is expressed by the 

abstraction principle; this principle is sometimes formulated as a recommendation to the programmer to make proper use of 

such abstractions.

Expressive power

The theory of computation classifies languages by the computations they are capable of expressing. All Turing complete 

languages can implement the same set of algorithms. ANSI/ISO SQL-92 and Charity are examples of languages that are not 

Turing complete, yet often called programming languages.

Markup languages like XML, HTML, or troff, which define structured data, are not usually considered programming languages. 

Programming languages may, however, share the syntax with markup languages if a computational semantics is defined. XSLT, 

for example, is a Turing complete XML dialect. Moreover, LaTeX, which is mostly used for structuring documents, also 

contains a Turing complete subset.

The term computer language is sometimes used interchangeably with programming language. However, the usage of both terms 

varies among authors, including the exact scope of each. One usage describes programming languages as a subset of computer 

languages. In this vein, languages used in computing that have a different goal than expressing computer programs are 

generically designated computer languages. For instance, markup languages are sometimes referred to as computer languages 

to emphasize that they are not meant to be used for programming.

Another usage regards programming languages as theoretical constructs for programming abstract machines, and computer 

languages as the subset thereof that runs on physical computers, which have finite hardware resources.John C. Reynolds 

emphasizes that formal specification languages are just as much programming languages as are the languages intended for 

execution. He also argues that textual and even graphical input formats that affect the behavior of a computer are 

programming languages, despite the fact they are commonly not Turing-complete, and remarks that ignorance of programming 

language concepts is the reason for many flaws in input formats.

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